![]() In this study, we analyze the aforementioned research questions in the context of FtF, SNS, and IM communication. According to media niche theory ( Dimmick & Rothenbuhler, 1984), each channel has distinct affordances and unique gratifications that, together, can give a channel a relative advantage, a so-called “niche.” With the advent of new communication media, which entail new gratification niches, usage patterns fluctuate and formerly well-established channels can either lose importance (e.g., mail) or become obsolete (e.g., the telegram). In general, communication can take place via a number of channels, including face-to-face (FtF) communication, video calls, telephone calls, mail, e-mail, voicemail, text messaging/SMS, instant messengers (IMs), social network sites (SNSs), or even online virtual worlds (e.g., Second Life) or collaborative video games (e.g., World of Warcraft). First, does communicating via social network sites and via instant messengers reinforce or displace face-to-face communication? And second, does communicating via social network sites and via instant messengers increase or decrease loneliness and life satisfaction? In order to further increase our understanding of these phenomena, we asked two questions in this paper. At the same time, one also hears that these same services instead connect people, foster communication, and increase well-being. ![]() ![]() One often hears that social network sites such as Facebook or Twitter and online instant messengers such as WhatsApp or Snapchat reduce face-to-face communication and make people lonelier and less satisfied with their lives. ![]()
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